Chapter 26

Filariasis and Elephantiasis

Bibliography

Lymphatic Filariasis

Amaral F, Dreyer G, Figueredo-Silva J, et al: Live adult worms detected by ultrasonography in human bancroftian filariasis. Am J Trop Med Hyg 50:753-757, 1994

Cahill KM, Kaiser RL: Lymphography in bancroftian filariasis. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 58:356-362, 1964

Cao W, et al: Success against lymphatic filariasis. World Health Forum 18:17-20, 1997

Chartres JC, Cockshott WP: Radiological aspects of some parasitic diseases. In: Middlemiss H (ed) Tropical Radiology. Intercontinental Medical Book Corp., New York, 1961

Christopherson JB: Radioscopical diagnosis of filariasis. Br Med J 1:808, 1929

Dreyer G, Amaral F, Noröes J, et al: Ultrasonographic evidence for stability of adult worm location in bancroftian filariasis. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 88:558, 1994

Dreyer G, Amaral F, Noröes J, et al: A new tool to assess the anticidal efficacy in vivo of antifilarial drugs for bancroftian filariasis. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 89:225-226, 1995

Dreyer G, Brandao A, Amaral F, et al: Detection by ultrasound of living adult Wuchereria bancrofti in the female breast. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro 91:95-96, 1996

Dreyer G, Noröes J, Rocha A, et al: Detection of living adult Wuchereria bancrofti in a patient with tropical pulmonary eosinophilia. Braz J Med Biol Res 29:1005-1008, 1996

Freedman DO, de Almeida Filho PJ, Besh S, et al: Lymphoscintigraphic analysis of lymphatic abnormalities in symptomatic and asymptomatic human filariasis. J Infect Dis 170:927-933, 1994

Grove DI: A History of Human Helminthology. CAB International CH, London, 1990, 23:597-640

Hunter GW II, Warren VG: Studies on filariasis. VI: observations on the reversal of microfilarial periodicity in a case of filariasis bancrofti. J Parasitol 36:164-168, 1950

Kazura JW, Connor DH: Bancroftian filariasis. In: Connor DH (ed) The Pathology of Infectious Diseases. Appleton and Lange, Stamford, Conn., 1997, pp 1327-1338

Kean BH, Mott KE, Russell AJ: Tropical Medicine and Parasitology: Classic Investigations, vol 2. Cornell University Press, Ithaca, N.Y., 1991, pp 374-412, 444-457

Marty AM, Andersen EM: Wuchereria and Brugia. In: Doerr, W Seifert G (eds) Tropical Pathology, 2nd edn. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York, 1995, pp 920-927

McMahan JE, Simonsen PE: Filariasis. In: Cook GC (ed) Manson's Tropical Diseases, 20th edn. Saunders, Philadelphia, 1996, pp 1321-1368

Michael P: Filariasis among Navy and Marine personnel. Report on laboratory investigations. US Navy Med Bull 42:1059-1074, 1974

Montangerand Y, et al: Lymphographic aspects of filarian adenopathy. J Radiol Electrol Med Nucl 50:135-142, 1969

Noroes J, Addiss D, Amaral F, et al: Occurrence of living adult Wuchereria bancrofti in the scrotal area of men with microfilaremia. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 90:55-56, 1996

O'Connor FW: The etiology of the disease syndrome in Wuchereria bancrofti infestations. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 26:13-33, 1932

O'Connor FW et al: Roentgen demonstration of calcified filaria bancrofti in human tissues. Am J Roentgenol 23:494-502, 1930

Omar MS: Bancroftian filariasis among S.E. Asian expatriate workers in Saudi Arabia. Trop Med Int Health 2:155-160, 1996

Spencer J: Some clinical aspects of bancroftian filariasis in the Lango District of Uganda. J Trop Med Hyg 65:256-259, 1962

Suneja SK, et al: Mammographic calcification due to filarial disease. Trop Doc 20:143-144, 1990

Tan TJ, Kosin E, Tan TH: Lymphographic abnormalities in patients with Brugia malayi filariasis and "idiopathic tropical eosinophilia". Lymphology 18:169-172, 1985

Wang PY, et al: A ten year observation of experimental infection of periodic Brugia malayi in man. J Trop Med Hyg 97:269-270, 1994

Wartman WB: Filariasis in American armed forces in World War II. Medicine 26:334-394, 1947

Wijers DJB, McMahon JE: Early signs and symptoms of bancroftian filariasis in males at the East African Coast. East Afr Med J 53:57-63, 1976

Witte MH, Jamal S, Williams WH, et al: Lymphatic abnormalities in human filariasis as depicted by lymphangioscintigraphy. Arch Intern Med 153:737-744, 1993

World Health Organization: Lymphatic filariasis: the disease and its control. Fifth report of the W.H.O. Expert Committee on Filariasis. WHO Tech Rep Ser 821-871, 1992

Yamey G: Global plan to eliminate lymphatic filariasis. Br Med J 320:7230-7269, 2000

Onchocerciasis

Browne SG: The role of Onchocerca volvulus in lymphadenopathy and associated conditions. Cent Afr J Med 6:302, 1960

Browne SG: The localization of onchoceriomata. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 55:258-259, 1961

Cheke RA, et al: Seasoned variations in onchocerciasis transmission by Simulium squamosum at perennial breeding sites in Togo. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 86:67-71, 1992

Cherry JKT: Adenolymphocele and elephantiasis in onchocerciasis. East Afr Med J 36:224, 1959

Darge K, et al: Evaluation of ultrasonography for the detection of drug-induced changes in onchocercal nodules. Am J Trop Med Hyg 51:800-808, 1994

Edungbola LF, Asaolu SO: Parasitological survey of onchocerciasis (river blindness) in Babana district, Kwara State, Nigeria. Am J Trop Med Hyg 33:1147-1154, 1984

Gemada EI, Dipeo 00: Prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites and urinary schistosomiasis and biting insects in an area of endemic onchocerciasis in Benue State in Nigeria. Int J Zoon 10:53-58, 1983

Grove DI: A History of Human Helminthology. CAB International CH, London, 1990, 23:597-640

Gruntzig J, et al: Lymphographic and morphological studies of the conjunctiva in onchocerciasis patients in Liberia (German). Klin Monatsbl Augenheilkd 182:304-308, 1983

Homeida MA, et al: The detection of onchocercal nodules by ultrasound technique. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 80:570-571, 1986

Leichsenring M, et al: Ultrasonographical investigations of onchocerciasis in Liberia. Am J Trop Med Hyg 43:380-385, 1990

Marty AM, Andersen EM: Onchocerca. In: Doerr W, Seifert G (eds) Tropical Pathology, 2nd edn. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York, 1995, pp 938-946

Ndyomugyenyi R: Onchocerciasis control in Uganda. World Health Forum 19:192-195, 1998

O'Neill J: On the presence of a filaria in "craw craw". Lancet I:265-266, 1875

Ottensen EA: Immunological aspects of lymphatic filariasis and onchocerciasis in humans. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 8 (suppl):9-18, 1984

Poltera AA, et al: Detection of skin nodules in onchoceriasis by ultrasound scans (letter). Lancet I:505, 1987

Poltera AA, et al: The use of an ophthalmologic ultrasound scanner in human onchocercal skin nodules for non-invasive sequential assessment during a macrofilaricidal trial with amocarzine in Guatemala. The first experiences. Trop Med Parasitol 42:303-307, 1991

Samba EM: The onchocerciasis control program in West Africa. An example of effective public health management. (Public Health in Action, No. 1) World Health Organization, Geneva, 1994

Siddiqui MA, al-Khawajah MM: The black disease of Arabia, Sowda-onchocerciasis. New findings. Int J Dermatol 30: 130-133, 1991

Studeman K, et al: Onchocerciasis. In: Connor DH (ed) The Pathology of Infectious Diseases. Appleton and Lange, Stamford, Conn., 1997, pp 1505-1526

WHO: Onchocerciasis control-success and new targets. World Health Forum 15:291 and 293-294,1994

Loiasis

Bouvet JP, et al: Microfilarial poliarthritis in a massive Loa loa infestation. A case report. Acta Trop (Basel) 34:281-284, 1977

Britton CA, et al: Mammographic appearance of loiasis. AJR 159:51-52, 1992

Carme B, et al: Clinical and biological study of Loa loa filariasis in Congolese. Am J Trop Med Hyg 41:331-337, 1989

Carme B, et al: Calcification of the breast probably due to Loa loa. Am J Trop Med Hyg 42:65-66, 1990

Chartres JC, Cockshott P: Radiological aspects of some parasitic diseases. In: Middlemiss H (ed) Tropical Radiology. Intercontinental Medical Book Corp, New York, 1961, pp 123-127

Connor DH, et al: Loiasis. In: Binford CH, Connor DH (eds) Pathology of Tropical and Extraordinary Diseases. Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, Washington, D.C., 1976, pp 356-359

Greig EDW: Notes on cases of calabar swelling with radiological observations. J Trop Med Hyg 43:19-21, 1940

Hautekeete ML, et al: Presence of Loa loa microfilariae in ascitic fluid. J Infect Dis 160:559-560, 1989

Hulin C, et al: Pulmonary involvement with a favorable course during Loa loa filariasis (in French). Bull Soc Pathol Exot 87:248-250, 1994

Katner H, et al: Loiasis and renal failure. Sth Med J 77:907-908, 1984

Klion AD, et al: Pulmonary involvement in loiasis. Am Rev Respir Dis 145:961-963, 1992

Marty AM, Andersen EM: Loa loa. In: Doerr, W Seifert G (eds) Tropical Pathology, 2nd edn. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York, 1995, pp 934-938

Negesse Y, et al: Loiasis: "Calabar" swellings and involvement of deep organs. Am J Trop Med Hyg 34:537-546, 1985

Novak R: Calcifications in the breast in Filaria loa infection. Arch Radiol 30:507-508, 1989

Nutman TB, et al: Loa loa infection in temporary residents of endemic regions. Recognition of a hyper responsive syndrome with characteristic differences in clinical presentation. J Infect Dis 154:10-18, 1986

Osuntokun O, Olurin 0: Filarial worm (Loa loa) in the anterior chamber. Report of two cases. Br J Ophthalmol 59: 166-167, 1975

Pinto D, Connor DH: Loiasis. In: Connor DH (ed) Pathology of Infectious Diseases. Appleton and Lange, Stamford, Conn., 1997, pp 1475-1482

Roussel J, et al: Aseptic knee effusion with Loa loa microfilariae in the articular fluid. Acta Cytol 33:281-283, 1989

Samuel E: Roentgenology of parasitic calcifications. Am J Roentgenol 63:512-515, 1950

Williams i: Calcifications in loiasis. J Fac Radiol Lond 6:142-144, 1954

Wilms G, et al: Calcified Loa loa infestations. J Belge Radiol 66:133-136, 1983

Tropical Pulmonary Eosinophilia

Buckley JJC: Tropical pulmonary eosinophilia in relation to filarial infections. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 52:335-336, 1958

Cockshott WP: Pulmonary eosinophilia. In: Schinz HR (ed) Roentgen diagnosis, 2nd edn. Grune & Stratton, New York, 1969, pp 642-643

Danaraj TJ: Etiology and pathology of eosinophilic lung. Am J Trop Med Hyg 15:26-32, 1966

Dreyer G, Noröes J, Rocha A, et al: Detection of living adult Wuchereria bancrofti in a patient with tropical pulmonary eosinophilia. Braz J Med Biol Res 29:1005-1008, 1996

Durieu J, et al: Eosinophilic lung disease caused by filariasis. Apropos of a case (in French). Rev Pneumol Clin 47:98-102, 1991

Frimodt-Möller C, Barton RM: Pseudo-tuberculous condition associated with eosinophilia. Indian Med Gaz 75:607-613, 1940

Gelpi HK, Mustafa A: Seasonal pneumonitis with eosinophilia. Am J Trop Med Hyg 16:646-657, 1967

Herlinger H: Pulmonary changes in tropical eosinophilia. Br J Radiol 36:889-901, 1963

Joe LK: Occult filariasis: its relationship with tropical pulmonary eosinophilia. Am J Trop Med Hyg 11:646-652, 1982

Khoo FY, et al: The roentgenographic appearance of eosinophilic lung; tropical eosinophilia. Am J Roentgenol Radium Ther Nucl Med 83:251-259, 1959

Neva FA, Ottesen EA: Tropical (filarial) eosinophilia. N Engl J Med 298:1129-1131, 1978

Spry CJ, Kumaraswami V: Tropical eosinophilia (Review). Semin Hematol 19:107-115, 1986

Tan TJ: Lymphographic abnormalities in patients with Brugia malayi filariasis and "idiopathic" tropical eosinophilia. Lymphology 18:169-172, 1985

Uduadua FE: Tropical eosinophilia. Dis Chest 52:531-538, 1967

Webb JKG, et al: Tropical eosinophilia: demonstration of microfilariae in the lung, liver and lymph nodes. Lancet I :835-842, 1960

Dirofilariasis

Awe RJ, et al: Solitary and bilateral pulmonary nodules due to Dirofilaria immitis. Am Rev Respir Dis 112:445-449, 1975

Beskin CA, et al: Pulmonary dirofilariasis as the cause of a pulmonary nodular disease. JAMA 198:665-667, 1966

Bradham RR, et al: Bilateral pulmonary nodules caused by Dirofilaria immitis. Ann Thorac Surg 50:312-313, 1990

Cordero M, et al: Transient solitary pulmonary nodule caused by Dirofilaria immitis. Eur Respir J 3:1070-1071, 1992

Dayal Y, Neafie RC: Human pulmonary dirofilariasis. A case report and review of the literature. Am Rev Respir Dis 112:437, 1975

DeCarneril J, et al: Subcutaneous dirofilariasis in man: not so rare. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 67:887-891, 1973

Dobson C, Welsh JS: Dirofilariasis as a cause of eosinophilic meningitis in man. Trans R Trop Med Hyg 68:223-226, 1974

Feld H: Dirofilaria immitis (dog heartworm) as a cause of a pulmonary lesion in man. Radiology 108:311, 1973

Fourge C, et al: Dirofilariasis of the breast mimicking carcinoma on mammography (letter). AJR 159:220, 1992

Gershwin LJ, et al: Human pulmonary dirofilariasis. Chest 66:92, 1974

Goodman ML, Gore I: Pulmonary infarct secondary to Dirofilaria larvae. Arch Intern Med 113:702, 1964

Harrison EG Jr, Thompson JH Jr: Dirofilariasis in the human lung. Am J Clin Pathol 43:224-228, 1965

Hawkins A, et al: Pulmonary dirofilariasis diagnosed by fine needle aspiration biopsy. Acta Cytol 29:19-22, 1985

Kahn FW, et al: Pulmonary dirofilariasis and transitional cell carcinoma. Benign lung nodules mimicking metastatic malignant neoplasms. Arch Intern Med 143:1259-1260, 1983

Kelly WT, et al: Pulmonary dirofilariasis diagnosed by computerized tomography scan controlled percutaneous needle aspiration. Aust NZ J Med 15:656-657, 1985

Kochar AS: Human pulmonary dirofilariasis. Report of three cases and brief review of the literature. Am J Clin Pathol 84:19-23, 1985

Marty AM, Andersen EM: Dirofilaria. In: Doerr W, Seifert G (eds) Tropical Pathology, 2nd edn. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York, 1995, pp 930-934

Monchy D, et al: Pulmonary dirofilariasis (review) (in French). Med Trop 53:366-371, 1993

Moorhouse DE, et al: Human pulmonary dirofilariasis in Queensland. Med J Aust 2:1230-1233, 1973

Navarrete AR: Pulmonary dirofilariasis. Chest 61:51-52, 1972

Nicholson CP, et al: Dirofilaria immitis: a rare increasing cause of pulmonary nodules. Mayo Clin Proc 67:646-650, 1992

Portnoy GL: Dirofilariasis. In: Connor DH (ed) Pathology of Infectious Diseases. Appleton and Lange, Stamford, Conn., 1997, pp 1391-1396

Ro JY, et al: Pulmonary dirofilariasis: the great imitator of primary or metastatic lung tumor. A clinicopathologic analysis of seven cases and a review of the literature (see comments) (review). Hum Pathol 20:69-76, 1989

Samarawickrema WA, et al: Natural infections of Dirofilaria immitis in Aedes (Stegomyia) polynesia and Aedes (Finlaya) samoanus and their implication in human health in Samoa. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 86:187-188, 1992

Smith LS, Schillaci RF: Pulmonary dirofilariasis in humans - pneumonitis that evolved to a lung nodule. West J Med 145:516-519, 1986

Tada I, et al: Dirofilaria in the abdominal cavity of a man in Japan. Am J Trop Med Hyg 28:988-990, 1979

Tannehill AW, Hatch HB: Coin lesions of the lung due to Dirofilaria immitis. Report of a case. Dis Chest 53:369, 1968

Tauzon RA, et al: Human pulmonary dirofilariasis manifesting as a "coin" lesion. A case report. JAMA 199:45, 1967

Elephantiasis and Podoconiosis

Alard M: Histoire de elephantiase des Arabes. Paris. Croullebois, R.S.M.M, 248 h 32 and 236128. 2nd edn. British Library 1187 h 14, 1824

Clark M: Lymphostatic verrucosis in Fort Hall district, Kenya. East Afr Med J 42:287-290, 1948

Cohen LB: Idiopathic lymphodema of Ethiopia and Kenya. East Afr Med J 37:53-74, 1960

Corachan M, et al: Podoconiosis in aequatorial Guinea. Report of two cases from different geological environments. Trop Geogr Med 40:359-364, 1988

Davey WW: Chronic lymphodema. In: Companion to Surgery in Africa. E & S Livingstone, London, 1968, pp 37-48

Freeman DO, et al: Lymphoscintigraphic analysis of lymphatic abnormalities in symptomatic and asymptomatic human filariasis. J Infect Dis 170:927-933, 1994

Freeman DO, et al: Abnormal lymphatic function in presymptomatic bancroftian filariasis. J Infect Dis 171:997-1001, 1995

Fyfe NCM, Price EW: The effects of silica on lymph nodes and vessels - a possible mechanism in the pathogenesis of non-filarial endemic elephantiasis. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 79:645-651, 1985

Itakura H: Idiopathic elephantiasis. In: Doerr W, Seifert G (eds) Tropical Pathology, 2nd edn. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York, 1995, pp 1328-1331

Konstam PJ, Ngu V: Chronic lymphodema in western Nigeria. Br J Surg 51:101-110, 1964

Lowenthal LJ: On the probable inclusion of several diseases in the title "mossy" foot. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 28:47-62, 1934

Mappes C, Voges EM: Lung findings in filariasis (in German). Aktuelle Radiol 4:277-278, 1994

Montangerand Y, et al: Lymphographic aspects of filarian adenopathy. J Radiol Electrol Med Nucl 50:135-142, 1969

Oomen APL: A reconsideration of the problem of elephantiasis. Trop Geogr Med 21:225-235, 1969

Paul M: The riddle of tropical elephantiasis. Br J Surg 50: 897-906, 1963

Price EW: The pathology of nonfilariasis elephantiasis of the lower leg. Trans R Soc Med Hyg 10:87-93, 1972

Price EW: A possible genetic factor in non-filarial elephantiasis of the lower legs. Ethiop Med J 10:87-93, 1972

Price EW: Pre-elephantiasic stage of endemic nonfilarial elephantiasis of the lower legs: "podoconiosis". Trop Doct 14:115-119, 1984

Price EW Bailey D: Environmental factors in the aetiology of endemic elephantiasis of the lower legs in Tropical Africa. Trop Geogr Med 36:1-5, 1984

Price EW, Henderson WJ: The elemental content of lymphatic tissues of barefooted people in Ethiopia, with reference to endemic elephantiasis of the lower legs. Trans R Soc Med Hyg 72:132-136, 1978

Price EW, Henderson WJ: Silica and silicates in femoral lymph nodes of barefooted people in Ethiopia with special reference to elephantiasis of the lower legs. Trans R Soc Med Hyg 73:640-647, 1979

Spooner NT, Davies JE: The possible role of soil particles in the aetiology of nonfilarial (endemic) elephantiasis: a macrophage cytotoxicity assay. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 80:222-225, 1986

Traveria A, et al: Silikate in den femuralen Lymphknoten eines europäischen Kindes mit Symptomen von Elephantiasis in den Beinen. Beitr elektronenmikroskop. Direktabb Oberfl 19:419-428, 1986